World J Nephrol Urol

World Journal of Nephrology and Urology, ISSN 1927-1239 print, 1927-1247 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, World J Nephrol Urol and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.wjnu.org

Original Article

Volume 4, Number 2, June 2015, pages 207-212

Determination of Prooxidant and Antioxidant Balance, Clinical Parameters and Nutrient Intakes in Hemodialysis Patients

**Table 1.** Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Studied Groups
Groups	HD patients (mean ± SD)	Controls (mean ± SD)	P
Data were expressed as mean ± SD. NS: non-significant.
Age (years)	41.8 ± 14.6	38.6 ± 12.5	NS
Sex (M/F)	18/17	15/20
BMI (kg/m²)	21.8 ± 2.5	25.5 ± 5	< 0.001
Dialysis duration (months)	37 (3 - 92)	-
Blood pressure (mm Hg)
Systolic	131.2 ± 29	121.5 ± 11	NS
Diastolic	85 ± 13	80.2 ± 8.1	NS

Table 1. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Studied Groups

Groups

HD patients (mean ± SD)

Controls (mean ± SD)

Data were expressed as mean ± SD. NS: non-significant.

Age (years)

41.8 ± 14.6

38.6 ± 12.5

Sex (M/F)

18/17

15/20

BMI (kg/m²)

21.8 ± 2.5

25.5 ± 5

< 0.001

Dialysis duration (months)

37 (3 - 92)

Blood pressure (mm Hg)

Systolic

131.2 ± 29

121.5 ± 11

Diastolic

85 ± 13

80.2 ± 8.1

**Table 2.** Biochemical Parameters in the Studied Groups
Groups	HD patients (mean ± SD)	Controls (mean ± SD)	P
Data were expressed as mean ± SD. BUN: blood urea nitrogen; LDL-C: low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; CRP: C-reactive protein. *The levels were reported as mean ± SEM in HD patients, because the data were not normally distributed.
BUN* (mg/dL)	70.4 ± 4.3	13 ± 3.4	< 0.0001
Creatinine* (mg/dL)	10.7 ± 0.74	0.78 ± 0.18	< 0.0001
Uric acid (mg/dL)	6.5 ± 1.7	4.6 ± 1.5	< 0.01
Cholesterol* (mg/dL)	169 ± 14.5	169 ± 12.6	NS
LDL-C (mg/dL)	82.3 ± 26	82.3 ± 23.7	NS
HDL-C (mg/dL)	43.2 ± 15.8	42.2 ± 12.5	NS
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	133.6 ± 90.5	119 ± 79.4	NS
Albumin (g/dL)	4 ± 0.4	4.5 ± 0.76	< 0.01
Sodium (mmol/L)	140 ± 12	139 ± 10	NS
Potassium (mmol/L)	5.1 ± 0.62	4.7 ± 0.9	NS
Calcium (mg/dL)	8.7 ± 1.1	9 ± 1.4	NS
Phosphorous (mg/dL)	5.2 ± 1.4	4.9 ± 1.1	NS
CRP* (mg/L)	13.6 ± 3	2.3 ± 0.19	< 0.01

Table 2. Biochemical Parameters in the Studied Groups

Groups

HD patients (mean ± SD)

Controls (mean ± SD)

Data were expressed as mean ± SD. BUN: blood urea nitrogen; LDL-C: low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; CRP: C-reactive protein. *The levels were reported as mean ± SEM in HD patients, because the data were not normally distributed.

BUN* (mg/dL)

70.4 ± 4.3

13 ± 3.4

< 0.0001

Creatinine* (mg/dL)

10.7 ± 0.74

0.78 ± 0.18

< 0.0001

Uric acid (mg/dL)

6.5 ± 1.7

4.6 ± 1.5

< 0.01

Cholesterol* (mg/dL)

169 ± 14.5

169 ± 12.6

LDL-C (mg/dL)

82.3 ± 26

82.3 ± 23.7

HDL-C (mg/dL)

43.2 ± 15.8

42.2 ± 12.5

Triglyceride (mg/dL)

133.6 ± 90.5

119 ± 79.4

Albumin (g/dL)

4 ± 0.4

4.5 ± 0.76

< 0.01

Sodium (mmol/L)

140 ± 12

139 ± 10

Potassium (mmol/L)

5.1 ± 0.62

4.7 ± 0.9

Calcium (mg/dL)

8.7 ± 1.1

9 ± 1.4

Phosphorous (mg/dL)

5.2 ± 1.4

4.9 ± 1.1

CRP* (mg/L)

13.6 ± 3

2.3 ± 0.19

< 0.01

**Table 3.** Nutrient Intakes in the Studied Groups [18, 19]
Groups	HD patients (mean ± SD)	Controls (mean ± SD)	P
Data were expressed as mean ± SD. ^$Vitamin A intake was expressed as retinol equivalent (RE). One RE is equal to 1 µg retinol or 6 µg beta-carotene or 12 µg of other provitamin A carotenoids [18]. ^†The new recommendations for vitamin E are expressed as mg alpha-tocopherol equivalents (mg alpha TE). 1 mg of alpha-tocopherol equals 1.5 IU vitamin E [19].
Vitamin A^$ (μg/day)	247 ± 124	674 ± 260	< 0.01
Vitamin B1 (mg/day)	1.6 ± 0.6	1.8 ± 0.8	NS
Vitamin B2 (mg/day)	1.6 ± 0.63	1.9 ± 0.97	NS
Vitamin B6 (mg/day)	2.9 ± 1.5	4.6 ± 1.5	NS
Vitamin B12 (μg/day)	2.5 ± 0.7	3 ± 0.9	NS
Vitamin C (mg/day)	52 ± 18.8	127 ± 81.5	< 0.01
Vitamin E^† (mg/day)	1.3 ± 0.08	7 ± 1.1	< 0.01
Folate (μg/day)	124 ± 21.4	389 ± 79.4	< 0.05
Calcium (mg/day)	494 ± 218	814 ± 552	< 0.01
Phosphorous (mg/day)	791 ± 280	1,249 ± 650	< 0.0001
Sodium (mg/day)	1,541 ± 670	1,871 ± 919	NS
Potassium (mg/day)	1,419 ± 529	2,500 ± 1,398	< 0.0001
Iron (mg/day)	12.8 ± 6.2	16.8 ± 8.8	< 0.05
Zinc (mg/day)	6.1 ± 2.6	9.3 ± 4.3	< 0.0001

Table 3. Nutrient Intakes in the Studied Groups [18, 19]

Groups

HD patients (mean ± SD)

Controls (mean ± SD)

Data were expressed as mean ± SD. ^$Vitamin A intake was expressed as retinol equivalent (RE). One RE is equal to 1 µg retinol or 6 µg beta-carotene or 12 µg of other provitamin A carotenoids [18]. ^†The new recommendations for vitamin E are expressed as mg alpha-tocopherol equivalents (mg alpha TE). 1 mg of alpha-tocopherol equals 1.5 IU vitamin E [19].

Vitamin A^$ (μg/day)

247 ± 124

674 ± 260

< 0.01

Vitamin B1 (mg/day)

1.6 ± 0.6

1.8 ± 0.8

Vitamin B2 (mg/day)

1.6 ± 0.63

1.9 ± 0.97

Vitamin B6 (mg/day)

2.9 ± 1.5

4.6 ± 1.5

Vitamin B12 (μg/day)

2.5 ± 0.7

3 ± 0.9

Vitamin C (mg/day)

52 ± 18.8

127 ± 81.5

< 0.01

Vitamin E^† (mg/day)

1.3 ± 0.08

7 ± 1.1

< 0.01

Folate (μg/day)

124 ± 21.4

389 ± 79.4

< 0.05

Calcium (mg/day)

494 ± 218

814 ± 552

< 0.01

Phosphorous (mg/day)

791 ± 280

1,249 ± 650

< 0.0001

Sodium (mg/day)

1,541 ± 670

1,871 ± 919

Potassium (mg/day)

1,419 ± 529

2,500 ± 1,398

< 0.0001

Iron (mg/day)

12.8 ± 6.2

16.8 ± 8.8

< 0.05

Zinc (mg/day)

6.1 ± 2.6

9.3 ± 4.3

< 0.0001