Figure 1. Health care services for identification and management of chronic kidney disease by country income level. (a) Primary care (i.e., basic health facilities at community levels (e.g., clinics, dispensaries, and small local hospitals)). (b) Secondary/specialty care (i.e., health facilities at a level higher than primary care (e.g., clinics, hospitals, and academic centers)). eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1C: glycated hemoglobin; UACR: urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio; UPCR: urine protein-to-creatinine ratio. Data from Bello et al [4] and Htay et al [42].
Figure 2. Nephrologist availability (density per million population) compared with physician, nursing, and pharmaceutical personnel availability by country income level. Pharmaceutical personnel include pharmacists, pharmaceutical assistants, and pharmaceutical technicians. Nursing and midwifery personnel include professional nurses, professional midwives, auxiliary nurses, auxiliary midwives, enrolled nurses, enrolled midwives, and related occupations such as dental nurses. A logarithmic scale was used for the x-axis (log(x+1)) because of the large range in provider density. Data from Bello et al [4], Osman et al [43], and the World Health Organization (for pharmaceutical personnel: http://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.main.PHARMS and http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main-amro.HWF?lang=en, for nursing and midwifery personnel: http://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.main.NURSES, for physicians: http://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.main.92000) [44].