World J Nephrol Urol

World Journal of Nephrology and Urology, ISSN 1927-1239 print, 1927-1247 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, World J Nephrol Urol and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.wjnu.org

Original Article

Volume 11, Number 1, June 2022, pages 24-30

Clinicopathological Characteristics of Drug-Induced Acute Interstitial Nephritis and Role of Steroids in Management: A Single-Center Observational Study

Figure 1. Comparison of outcomes between the two steroid groups. Of the 20 patients, 14 (70%) patients recovered in early steroid group and four (25%) patients recovered in the late steroid group. Time to recovery data were missing for two patients in the early steroid group.

**Table 1.** Characteristics of Study Population
	n (%)
AIN: acute interstitial nephritis; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; SD: standard deviation.
Age (years)	47.6 ± 12.1
Gender
Male	27 (56.3%)
Female	21 (43.7%)
Diabetes mellitus
Yes	16 (33.3%)
No	32 (66.7%)
Hypertension
Yes	19 (39.6%)
No	29 (60.4%)
AIN severity
Mild	11 (22.9%)
Moderate	29 (60.4%)
Severe	8 (16.7%)
eGFR at presentation
45 - 59 mL/min/1.73 m²	2 (4.2%)
30 - 44 mL/min/1.73 m²	1 (2.1%)
15 - 29 mL/min/1.73 m²	9 (18.8%)
< 15 mL/min/1.73 m²	36 (75%)
Microscopic hematuria	26 (54.2%)
Leukocyturia	28 (58.3%)
Blood pressure
< 140/90 mm Hg	32 (66.7%)
≥ 140/90 mm Hg	14 (29.2%)
Fever	13 (27.0%)
Edema	6 (12.5%)
Oliguria	7 (14.5%)
History of infection	7 (14.5%)
Need of dialysis
Yes	21 (43.7%)
No	27 (56.3%)
Steroid commencement	39 (81.3%)
Early (≤ 11 days)	20 (51.2%)
Late (> 11 days)	16 (41.0%)
Unknown (missing values)	3 (7.6%)
24-h protein (g/day) (mean ± SD)	1.75 ± 0.96

Table 1. Characteristics of Study Population

n (%)

AIN: acute interstitial nephritis; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; SD: standard deviation.

Age (years)

47.6 ± 12.1

Gender

Male

27 (56.3%)

Female

21 (43.7%)

Diabetes mellitus

Yes

16 (33.3%)

32 (66.7%)

Hypertension

Yes

19 (39.6%)

29 (60.4%)

AIN severity

Mild

11 (22.9%)

Moderate

29 (60.4%)

Severe

8 (16.7%)

eGFR at presentation

45 - 59 mL/min/1.73 m²

2 (4.2%)

30 - 44 mL/min/1.73 m²

1 (2.1%)

15 - 29 mL/min/1.73 m²

9 (18.8%)

< 15 mL/min/1.73 m²

36 (75%)

Microscopic hematuria

26 (54.2%)

Leukocyturia

28 (58.3%)

Blood pressure

< 140/90 mm Hg

32 (66.7%)

≥ 140/90 mm Hg

14 (29.2%)

Fever

13 (27.0%)

Edema

6 (12.5%)

Oliguria

7 (14.5%)

History of infection

7 (14.5%)

Need of dialysis

Yes

21 (43.7%)

27 (56.3%)

Steroid commencement

39 (81.3%)

Early (≤ 11 days)

20 (51.2%)

Late (> 11 days)

16 (41.0%)

Unknown (missing values)

3 (7.6%)

24-h protein (g/day) (mean ± SD)

1.75 ± 0.96

**Table 2.** Factors Affecting Recovery of Renal Function
	Recovery (n = 29) (n, %)	No recovery (n = 19) (n, %)	P value
AIN: acute interstitial nephritis; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate.
Age			0.79
< 35 years	4 (13.8%)	4 (23.5%)
35 - 50 years	12 (41.4%)	6 (31.6%)
51 - 55 years	6 (20.7%)	3 (15.8%)
> 55 years	7 (24.1%)	5 (31.6%)
Gender			0.17
Male	14 (48.3%)	13 (68.4%)
Female	15 (51.7%)	6 (31.6%)
Diabetes			0.40
Yes	11 (37.9%)	5 (26.3%)
No	18 (62.1%)	14 (73.7%)
Hypertension			0.36
Yes	13 (44.8%)	6 (31.6%)
No	16 (55.2%)	13 (68.4%)
AIN severity			0.58
Mild	7 (24.1%)	4 (21.1%)
Moderate	16 (55.2%)	13 (68.4%)
Severe	6 (20.7%)	2 (10.5%)
eGFR at presentation			0.40
≥ 15 mL/min/1.73 m²	7 (24.1%)	5 (26.3%)
< 15 mL/min/1.73 m²	22 (75.9%)	14 (73.7%)
Need of dialysis			0.11
Yes	10 (34.5%)	11 (57.9%)
No	19 (65.5%)	8 (42.1%)
Management			0.007
Early steroids (n = 20)	14 (77.8%)	6 (33.3%)
Late steroids (n = 16)	4 (22.2%)	12 (66.7%)

Table 2. Factors Affecting Recovery of Renal Function

Recovery (n = 29) (n, %)

No recovery (n = 19) (n, %)

P value

AIN: acute interstitial nephritis; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate.

Age

0.79

< 35 years

4 (13.8%)

4 (23.5%)

35 - 50 years

12 (41.4%)

6 (31.6%)

51 - 55 years

6 (20.7%)

3 (15.8%)

> 55 years

7 (24.1%)

5 (31.6%)

Gender

0.17

Male

14 (48.3%)

13 (68.4%)

Female

15 (51.7%)

6 (31.6%)

Diabetes

0.40

Yes

11 (37.9%)

5 (26.3%)

18 (62.1%)

14 (73.7%)

Hypertension

0.36

Yes

13 (44.8%)

6 (31.6%)

16 (55.2%)

13 (68.4%)

AIN severity

0.58

Mild

7 (24.1%)

4 (21.1%)

Moderate

16 (55.2%)

13 (68.4%)

Severe

6 (20.7%)

2 (10.5%)

eGFR at presentation

0.40

≥ 15 mL/min/1.73 m²

7 (24.1%)

5 (26.3%)

< 15 mL/min/1.73 m²

22 (75.9%)

14 (73.7%)

Need of dialysis

0.11

Yes

10 (34.5%)

11 (57.9%)

19 (65.5%)

8 (42.1%)

Management

0.007

Early steroids (n = 20)

14 (77.8%)

6 (33.3%)

Late steroids (n = 16)

4 (22.2%)

12 (66.7%)